Literary Speech By Socrates - 1492 Words

Despite Socrates’ critique of the literary speech of poets, Socrates himself makes use of literary imagery. One of the first discussions Socrates had about poets focused on poet’s use of imitation and violent accounts in their tales.With one tongue they all chant that moderation and justice are fair but hard and full of drudgery, while intemperance and injustice are sweet and easy to acquire, and shameful only by opinion and law†(364a). The discussion of poets continues with Glaucon and Adeimantus as they focus on the significance of education. The men question what to do about the young men are exposed to the tales of the poets, emphasizing that children especially are easily impressionable; therefore precautions must be taken for tales†¦show more content†¦In this city, each individual had their duty and was to hold mostly everything in common, including children. The Myth of Metals claimed that citizens born had a type of metal that existed within thei r souls. The different metals determined their status. Bronze and iron were the producers, the auxiliary had silver, and the highest ranking guardians or rulers had gold. â€Å"For there not to be any doubt among the city about the ruler(s), Socrates suggest that there should be a myth to ensure order. â€Å"...’but the god, in fashioning those of you who are competent to rule, mixed gold in at their birth†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (415a). The city will rise or fall depending on whether individuals are able to do/what best fits their nature. By establishing this hierarchical idea it would be unlikely for the people would question those of ruling status. The way the government is structured so that people have to understand their place; the noble lie allows people to recognize that and not be attached, Justice is public while love is private. â€Å"All of you in the city are certainly brothers’, we say to them in the telling tale, ‘but the god, in fashioning those of you w ho are competent to rule, mixed gold in at their birth; this is why they are most honored; in auxiliaries, silver; iron and bronze in the farmers and other craftsmen†(415a) The next story up is the allegory ofShow MoreRelatedSocrates Poet Speech1599 Words   |  7 Pages Socrates criticizes the poet’s speech claiming that it does not have a single purpose other than to entertain, which is not sufficient enough. Socrates concerns himself with corrupt education and wants to ensure that he and the city does everything capable to produce well rounded, fine thinking men. Though he may reject the poet’s use of literary speech, Socrates develops his own type of literary speech to use. He reckons that his own literary speech be used instead since it would be more meaningfulRead MoreThe Criticism Of The Poet s Speech1582 Words   |  7 PagesI need a thesis so bad. Socrates criticizes the poet s’ speech since it does not really have any other purpose than to entertain, that is not a good enough purpose. Socrates concerns himself with corrupt education and wants to ensure that he (and the city; his ideal city really) does everything capabl e to produce well rounded fine thinking men (and women maybe). He reckons that his own literary speech be used instead since it would be more meaningful, and in doing so creates three myths to tellRead MoreEssay Clouds vs. The Apology1649 Words   |  7 Pages Clouds vs. The Apology In Aristophanes Clouds and in Platos Apology we see extensive fictional representations of the historical figure, Socrates, who left us no literary works under his own name. When comparing these two representations, readers often assume, as a result of the nature of the comedic genre, that Aristophanes portrayal of Socrates is exaggerated and fallacious. On the other hand, Platos account is often taken more seriously as a result of the philosophical genre and the respectedRead MoreSocrates Philosophy Of Education Essay862 Words   |  4 PagesPlato’s The Republic his mentor, Socrates, discusses the ideal education. He claims that â€Å"the rearing in music is most sovereign,† and makes an argument to defend his stance (80; bk.3, ln.401, par. d). Education for Socrates is not informative; rather, he sees education as a formative tool to shape the soul of an individual. Socrates views music in a much broader sense than what would typically be considered music. â€Å"Mu sic† in the Republic refers to both literary education (includes speeches, stories†¦etcRead MorePlato s Theory Of The Forms1704 Words   |  7 Pagesfamily. He was the founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. He is known to be one of the best writers in the Western literary tradition and one of the most influential authors in the development of Western philosophy even today. Plato worked alongside his teacher, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, laying the groundwork for Western philosophy and science through their collective work. Plato has also been considered one of the founders of westernRead More`` Xenophon s Goals Are Self Advertisedly Circumscribed1354 Words   |  6 Pagesis not to give a full account of Socrates’ trial or even a version of his entire speech of defense. ***Xenophon’s general intent was to defend Socrates by portraying him as encouraging young men to become like Xenophon himself - free from subjection to their own desires or the authority of an employer, mentally and physically self-disciplined, willing to follow their own good sense where applicable and oracles and divinations elsewhere ***Unlike Plato’s Socrates, who prefers to ask questions ratherRead MoreSocrates And Ideal Education In Platos The Republic867 Words   |  4 PagesStatement] In Plato’s The Republic his mentor, Socrates, discusses what the ideal education should include. He claims that â€Å"the rearing in music is most sovereign,† and makes an argument to defend his stance (80; bk.3, ln.401, par. d). Education for Socrates is not informative (this is how â€Å"education† is mostly viewed in modern times; just filling one’s mind with information), rather, he sees education as a formative tool to shape the soul of an individual. Socrates views music in a much broader sense thanRead MoreSocrates: The Dichotomy between Aristophanes and Plato’s Depictions1489 Words   |  6 Pages Socrates: The Dichotomy between Aristophanes and Plato’s Depictions Ignorance: the condition of being uninformed or uneducated; this basic definition is crucial to understanding one of the most controversial figures in ancient Athenian society: the philosopher Socrates. The man’s entire life was devoted to proving the fact that no one actually knew what they thought they did; that everyone lived in ignorance. This viewpoint earned Socrates many enemies, so many that even a renowned playwrightRead MoreCensorship : An Individual Or Institution1392 Words   |  6 PagesCensorship; has been an issue throughout all of history. Whether it is the trial of Socrates or the Licensing Act, all censorship has ever done is limit information and repress other points of view. Censorship comes in many forms and can be very subtle or opaque; the one constant is the benefit of the powerful and the restraint of the masses. Some may find forbidding information useful, and some may think that freedom of speech; is not a right; but rather something to be sacrific ed for the greater good ofRead MoreComparison Between Crito and Apology1661 Words   |  7 Pagesthese two articles that we read in Crito and Apology by Plato, we could know Socrates is an enduring person with imagination, because he presents us with a mass of contradictions: Most eloquent men, yet he never wrote a word; ugliest yet most profoundly attractive; ignorant yet wise; wrongfully convicted, yet unwilling to avoid his unjust execution. Behind these conundrums is a contradiction less often explored: Socrates is at once the most Athenian, most local, citizenly, and patriotic of philosophers;

Essay on Woodrow Wilson - 1285 Words

Woodrow Wilson President Woodrow Wilson’s legacy of being a peace-keeping president has lasting impression on the United States. From his great intellect and progressive reform, to the tragedy of the Great War and his hope for peace, Wilson was a strong leader through it all. Decades after his death, he is still remembered as the man that he was: an ethical and caring person who desperately wanted to better the world. It was in the beginning of the 20th century when this man finally left his mark on our country which not only made him a significant historical figure, but also a hero and a man who worked hard to make the time he lived in his. Born in Virginia in 1856, Thomas Woodrow Wilson was the son of two middle-class parents, his†¦show more content†¦An important aspect that signified Woodrow Wilson as a prominent historical figure was the Great War and his crusade for peace. When the Great War began, Wilson tried to put an end to it, but neither side budged. Even though it seeme d the war would go on for a while, Wilson believed he could still end it and eventually all wars in general (Brands 51). By the time the U.S. had entered the war (1917), Wilson was still determined to end the war for all wars. He created the 14 Points, which outlined the terms for the Treaty of Versailles, as well as the League of Nations which intended to reinforce peace in the world through diplomacy (Brands 60). In any case, almost every one of Wilson’s decisions had an underlying theme of peace to them and that is what he was remembered for. On the home front, Wilson was also known as a Progressive because he changed the conditions in society at the time. He passed laws which limited the age of workers to 16, and even helped farmers improve their farms in the Farm Loan Act (Brands 87). Overall, Wilson felt that it was his duty to better the world, from home to all the way overseas. Even though some believed that he was too idealistic and not realistic in terms of his view s, he still did the world a lot of good. Ending the Great War, creating the 14 Points, forming the League of Nations, being a Progressive, and fighting for world peace were the main contributions that Wilson made which we now look back upon asShow MoreRelatedWoodrow Wilson1206 Words   |  5 PagesWoodrow Wilson’s fourteen points was a statement determined on January 8, 1918 by himself. He was the twenty eighth president of the United States. The fourteen points was made when they were declaring that World War one was occurring because of an ethical cause and after war peace in Europe. The fourteen point’s speech first discussed that there be a private but international understanding of any kind but peacekeeping shall continue in the public view. The purpose of this is to clearly get rid ofRead MoreThe Interpretation Of Woodrow Wilson2015 Words   |  9 PagesThe interpretation of Woodrow Wilson (1913-21) I have taken this from an external source to show the power of idealism, and how Woodrow was perceived. Wilson abandoned the imperialist policy and brought to the White House a new way of looking at America’s relations with the outside world. Wilson believed that the United States was the most politically enlightened in a sense under god, he felt that people throughout the world had their right to choose their own governments. Wilson was only protectingRead MoreThomas Woodrow Wilson888 Words   |  4 PagesThomas Woodrow Wilson Thomas Woodrow Wilson was born in the small town of Staunton, Virginia on December 29, 1856 or, as other sources say, the 28 of December. He was the third of four kids with two sisters and one brother. His parents were Joseph Wilson and Jessica Woodrow Wilson. Tommy was only at the age of two years when his family moved to Augusta, Georgia. Then, two years later the civil war had started and, while the war was going on, his dad had changed the church into a confederate hospitalRead MoreEssay on Woodrow Wilson2008 Words   |  9 PagesWoodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson, 28th president of the United States (1913-21), secured a legislative program of progressive domestic reform, guided his country during WORLD WAR I, and sought a peace settlement based on high moral principles, to be guaranteed by the LEAGUE OF NATIONS. Early Life and Career Thomas Woodrow Wilson was born in Staunton, Va., on Dec. 28, 1856. He was profoundly influenced by a devoutly religious household headed by his father, Joseph Ruggles Wilson,Read MoreWoodrow Wilson And Theodore Roosevelt Essay1463 Words   |  6 Pages1900s. The two frontrunners to answer the puzzling questions were the 26th president, Theodore Roosevelt, and the 28th president Woodrow Wilson. They both wanted the betterment of America both domestically and at the world stage. However, the assertive nature of Theodore Roosevelt made him an exemplar of American ideals and democracy for the rest of the world. Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt were vastly different by nature, one a macho, military-man, explorer, and the other, an academic by professionRead MoreWoodrow Wilsons Acts Of Progressivisms1100 Words   |  5 PagesPresentation: Progressivisms Woodrow Wilsons Acts to Progressivisms In the year of 1912, Democrat electoral candidate Woodrow Wilson was running in the Presidential Election against T.R. Roosevelt, W. Taft and E. Debs. After winning by a sland slide, and being nominated as the 28th President of the United State. President Wilson quickly went to work to save this nation from them, thus he created 2 antitrust laws and establishing the first federal bank. Thus, in 1912 Wilson started to reshape AmericaRead MoreEssay on President Woodrow Wilson4339 Words   |  18 PagesPresident Woodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson was the first Southerner to be elected president after the Civil War. Born on December 28, 1856 in Staunton, Va., he was the son of a Presbyterian minister who supported the Confederates. Wilson assumed the presidency after a whirlwind career as a college professor, university president and New Jersey governor. However, Wilson left the Oval Office just as heartbroken as the Confederate soldiers that returned home when he was a boy. Woodrow Wilson was bornRead MoreThe Presidency of Woodrow Wilson Essay1069 Words   |  5 PagesThe Presidency of Woodrow Wilson The turn of century was an important time for pre-WWI America. National and international affairs were in full swing, just as ever. America was trying hard to remain with its Isolationism, yet could in no way thoroughly do so. Yet with this isolationistic stance, that was deteriorating daily, much emphasis was put onto national affairs of the United States by the government. Woodrow Wilson, the third president of this new century, also had great concernRead MorePresident Woodrow Wilson And Roosevelt Essay1345 Words   |  6 PagesPresidents Woodrow Wilson and Franklin Roosevelt through U.S. Periods of Struggle U.S. Presidents Woodrow Wilson and Franklin D. Roosevelt both faced different periods of prolonged struggle in America’s history, both were able to use integrity and progressivism to help the nation thrive. Presidents Wilson and Roosevelt were both members of the Democratic party and were advocators for the Progressivist movement. The Presidents also had campaigns based on the spread of sovereignty to forming nationsRead MoreWoodrow Wilson And The Progressive Movement888 Words   |  4 PagesStates of America’s involvement in World War I went against the very fabric of the country’s existence. Rejection of the founding principles of America by leaders like Woodrow Wilson lead to the nation’s involvement in the Great War. This involvement ultimately lead to greater instability and worldwide catastrophes. Woodrow Wilson and the progressive movement rejected America’s isolation, propagated a progressive ideology, and caused worldwide instability by i ntervening in the First World War. The

Monteverdi’s Opera Free Essays

Claudio Monteverdi is considered as one of the greatest composers in the history of music.   Composer of operatic masterpieces, Monteverdi’s works are said to have united the music of sixteenth and seventeenth centuries (Kamien, 1998, p. 117). We will write a custom essay sample on Monteverdi’s Opera or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of his best-known creations is Orfeo, also called â€Å"L’Orfeo, an opera about Orpheus, the musician in the Greek mythology (p. 117). The opera deals with Orpheus grieving about the death of his wife Eurydice from a lethal snake bite (p.117).   The opera was created for the Mantuan court and featured prominent stars, dancers, a chorus and an orchestra consisting of 40 musicians (p. 118).     This masterpiece has the dramatic and literary elements that cemented Monteverdi’s status during the Baroque era. Born in Cremona, Italy, in 1567, Monteverdi served as a singer, violinist and music director for the court of Mantua (Kamien, 1998, p. 117).   He was appointed music director at St. Mark’s in Venice, where he worked for 30 years (p. 117). Opera was said to originate in Italy, where composers, nobles, and poets usually convened to hold musical discussions (p. 115). The first opera house was in Venice (p. 116).   Ã‚  These individuals, who at one point included Vincenzo Galilei, the father of Galileo, called themselves the Camerata or Italian for fellowship or society (p. 115). The Camerata yearned to develop vocal style patterned after the ideals and practices of the Greeks (p. 115). However, since there was no concrete Greek dramatic music, the Camerata patterned their creations on surviving stories and descriptions (p. 115). Greek dramas were described as being sung in a style between melody and speech (p.115). The Camerata decided on a vocal style that was recited and would have a single chordal accompaniment that resulted in a homophonic texture (p. 115). This homophonic texture is a characteristic of the Baroque opera. But why Greek? The aristocrats’ fascination with Greek mythology and history was one of the main reasons why composers and musicians created operas reflecting Greek dramas (Kamien, 1998, p. 115). It may also be because Renaissance, the period preceded by the Baroque, was a period wherein Greek philosophy, architecture and ideals were given paramount interest.   Renaissance means â€Å"rebirth† and perhaps this included rebirth of the earlier times, which included the ancient civilization of the Greeks. Then it continued with the Baroque period, with the aristocrats still favoring Greek drama and composers and musicians trying to please them. Monteverdi was able to create effects, such as pizzicato and tremolo to reflect feelings such as that of anger (Kamien, 1998, p. 117).   Additionally, his expressive use of polyphony while at the same time allowing instruments to function aside from simply accompanying he vocal parts is truly an innovation. With Orfeo, Monteverdi was able to inject different kinds of music: â€Å"recitatives, arias, duets, choruses and instrumental interludes† (p.118). He had a way of making his characters â€Å"come alive† (p. 118).   The texts are set in such a way that the recitatives and the melodic passages rotate (p. 118). This resulted in a feeling of heightened passion, allowing the soloist to move from one mood to another. Monteverdi was a master in achieving this.   Monteverdi wrote about 12 operas but only 3 were preserved (Kamien, 1998, p. 117). His music was mainly for voices, accompanied with a basso continuo or instruments (p. 117). At 75, Monteverdi finished his last opera â€Å"L’inconronazione di Poppea or The Coronation of Poppea (p. 117). In his lifetime, Monteverdi was known for his opera but was not given due respect.   In fact, he was once quoted as saying that he had to â€Å"beg â€Å"to be given what was due him (p. 117).   It is unfortunate that Monteverdi uttered those words once and while it is sad to note that he is no   around to read, see and hear people admire him, it is enough that in death, Monteverdi’s works live on. Reference: Kamien, R. (1998). Music An Appreciation 3rd ed. USA: McGraw-Hill. How to cite Monteverdi’s Opera, Essay examples

Private business deals and decision making - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Private business deals and decision making. Answer: Introduction: Public sector implies the government sector of a country. On the other hand, private sector implies private organisations and private investors. While the chief motive of the public sector is to maximise welfare, the chief motive of private sector is to maximise profit. However, when these two sectors work with each other, they become the complementary sector of each other. Hence, the relationship between public and private sector is important for a country to grow and develop its economic structure (Delmon 2017). The government sector helps a country to develop and to grow its economic condition by providing various facilities, policies and subsidies and so on. On the other hand, private sector efficiently handles every economic situation effectively and competitively. Hence, both public sector and private sector has equal importance to develop a countrys national income and economic growth. This partnership can be been in many developed and developing countries (Almarri, K. and Hij leh, B., 2017). Hence, a research will be conducted based on this public-private partnership regarding various business activities in Abu Dhabi. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has eleven emirates. However, among those emirates, the Abu Dhabi is the largest and wealthiest one. It is the capital of UAE as well. The economic structure of Abu Dhabi is basically depends on the oil industry, which contributes maximum portion in the gross national income of the country (Niblock 2015). At present, the government of Abu Dhabi is trying to diversify the economic condition of this emirate by developing the industrial structure of large, medium and small scale industries. This partnership between governments of private sectors will help to develop the goal and agenda of UAE to implement a sustainable and competitive economy. This economy is chiefly based on knowledge, diversity and integration (Kiani 2017). Hence, in this research the chief objective of the researcher is to see that whether these negotiations between public and private sector will help the business sector of Abu Dhabi to deal and negotiate. To do this research, a literature review will be analysed to understand this public-private relationship and its effect on business in Abu Dhabi. After analysing those literates, a research will be done on the current business sector of Abu Dhabi. To do this research, both primary data and secondary data will be required. Moreover, a proper statistical methodology is also needed to analyse the outcome. However, before that, the researcher will point out some basic questions and objectives, which are very much important to conduct this research in a correct way. Research Question and objectives: The researcher is trying to find out some questions that are important to further conduct this research. Research Question: What is the role of public sector and private sector in Abu Dhabi of UAE? What is the business economic condition of Abu Dhabi at present? Does Abu Dhabi need PPPs in their business sectors? What did actually happen on UAEs business sectors where PPPs operate? Why is the government of Abu Dhabi trying to implement the public-private partnership? Whether does this public-private partnership actually help this emirate to deal with business and to take decision on that? Objectives: To critically analyse the economic condition of Abu Dhabi. Find out the effect of Public-Private Partnership in Abu Dhabi To critically examine literatures related to PPPs. To understand the basic concept of creative negotiations within the business sector of Abu Dhabi by its government and private sector. To identify accurate sources to collect both primary and secondary data to analyse. Important Factors for Public Private Partnership (PPPs) in Dubai: A critical review on successful factors of construction industry in UAE: In this research article, the researcher tries to point out the critical success factors (CSFs) related to public-private partnerships within a transitional economy. To analyse this research, a case study is done based on UAE. Moreover, the outcome of this case study is compared with the developed economy of U.K. the partnership between public sector and private sector has hugely influenced the success rate of an economy. Hence, the concept of Public Private Partnership is good for an economy as the success rate is high. This success comes in the form of quality, funding, efficiency, innovation, quality and risk sharing. It develops projects and level of experience of business organisation in UAE. It is important to analyse the critical research factors that influences economic condition of an unstable economy like Abu Dhabi (Almarri and Hijleh 2017). Hence, the chief problem is underdeveloped economy. There are various economic problems which are needed to consider as well. Financia l aspects are another major issue which should be considered at the time of PPPs analysis. In 2015, a new law was introduced in Dubai. This law encourages investors to invest more. It reduces the financial deficit to develop the large-scale projects in this emirate. This research tried to point out important factors in UAE related to Public-Private partnership. Public-Private Partnership in government schools of Abu Dhabi: This research article has analysed and evaluated the effect of partnership between public and private sectors on educational sector of Abu Dhabi. The chief motive of this research article is to analyse the benefits from political and economical perspectives. In educational system, there are various types of partnership between public and private sectors can be seen. Sometimes, the government gives subsidies to existing private schools or provides funds to schools (Iossa and Martimort 2015). Moreover, government contracts give educational services, like, management, and teacher training. In U.S, the government directly contracts with private organisations to operate and manage state level schools, for example, charter and concession schools. Academy Schools had both private and public findings in U.K (Evans 2017). However, there were insufficient data to conduct a research on public-private partnership on education. Public-Private Partnership in large-scale venue development: Large scale places for events and exhibitions are important infrastructure of public sector. Development of venues has taken attention of the government. This is because industry will get potential benefits to the community. It is should be kept in mind that venue development is needed huge amount of capital, unique standard of design and operating costs. In this context, the government has introduced the public-private partnership to innovate different delivery models to develop the venue project. This research is based on two public-private partnership projects in Hong Kong and New Zealand, respectively (Osei-Kyei, Osei-Kyei, Chan and Chan 2017). The government helps PPPs to develop venue for advantages. These advantages are based on enhancing public budgetary constraints, increased quality of public services and increasing innovation and risk transfer optimisation. There are some examples of venue projects which are done by PPPs. These are Stadium Australia, the Melbourne Conventi on and Exhibition Centre and the Beijing National Stadium. Hence, in this research article, the researcher has tried to evaluate the experiences related to venue development by PPPs (Liu and Wilkinson 2014). Microeconomic impact on Public-Private partnerships (PPPs) In this journal, writers have made a theoretical framework to discuss the chief incentive issues related to Public Private Partnerships (PPPs). Under PPPs, the central government agency or local authority enters into long-term contractual agreements with a supplier to deliver some services. Those suppliers will take responsibility to build infrastructure, investment and finance (Marty 2018). Moreover, they manage and maintain this facility. There are many developed and developing countries who apply this partnership to develop economic conditions. Europe, U.S and Canada and some developing countries use this partnership with private sectors to increase and develop various economic sectors under the form of outsourcing, privatisation and deregulation of government (Iossa and Martimort 2015). Moreover, different countries will have different types of PPPs contracts. It can be seen from this research articles that PPPs helps an economy by developing its various economic conditions. These help to build finance and operate infrastructure in water, health, education, transport and waste management. There are also some other factors related to public-private partnership that will develop macro as well as micro economic condition of this economy. However, there is a shortage of data and other related literature articles related to this topic (Iossa and Martimort 2015). Critical Success factors from 1990-2013: Critical success factors related to public-private partnership are the chief attraction for each researcher. Hence, in this research paper, the researcher has tried to find out those successful factors of this partnership from 1990-2013. The most effective successful factors are strong private consortium, public support, risk allocation and sharing and transportation procurement. The global crisis of 2007-2008 has increased the interest to adopt this partnership policy between public sector and private sector for both developed and developing countries (Chou and Pramudawardhani 2015). There are many countries where the government is trying to capture the expertise level of private sector. At the same time, the government is looking for the private investment to reduce the infrastructure deficit. Hence, the research deeply observed various PPPs policies to understand its impact on an economy. After analysing all these factors, a statistical research is also done. Moreover, from this o utcome of research, it can be concluded that, the government of any country adopt this partnership policy to reduce the infrastructural gaps and to develop the economic condition of this country. In this regard, it is important mention that every researcher conducts various investigations, all over the world to implement this partnership policy (Osei-Kyei and Chan 2015). To see the trend of research on crucial social factors of public-private partnership, a review publication, based on three stages, was conducted from 1990 to 2013. Analysis on Public-Private Partnerships: This article will show the principle reasons that why an economy choose public-private partnership. It will also focus on the possible disadvantages for both sectors (Mouraviev, Mouraviev, Kakabadse and Kakabadse 2016). To analyse those matters, researchers have gone through two case studies. The first case study is on bridge construction and the second one is one railway infrastructure. It can be seen that under public-private partnerships, the private sector plays a vital role to develop and maintain public services and infrastructure. However, this is the basic responsibility of a public sector. This concept of public-private partnership was first experienced before 20 years. In some European countries, like, Portugal, Spain, Greece, Ireland and Hungary, private sector plays an important part to develop infrastructure with public sectors. This same thing can be observed in some other developed countries as well. Those are U.S, South Africa, New Zealand, Australia and Canada. In this paper, an integrated and systematic approach can be seen this approach gives proper definitions, characteristics, structure and models of PPPs. This whole research tries to find out three chief questions. These are: i) main characteristics of PPPs, ii) how private sector finance and structure PPPs and iii) why and how PPP contracts are negotiated (Sarmento and Renneboog 2016). This paper analyses an integrated approach from the perspective of the public sector and the private sector. Literature Gap: Though there are some research articles based on public-private partnership. However, in each research, the researcher could not get sufficient amount of data. It is also true for this research proposal. There is insufficient amount of data to conduct a research proposal based on public-private business deals and decisions making for Abu Dhabi. Moreover, no such research article based on Abu Dhabis business environment can be found. Hence, it is very important to analyse this research. Methodology: To analyse a statistical methodology, two types of data are required. These are secondary data and primary data (Johnston 2017). In this research article, these two types of data will be used. Secondary data will be used to analyse the previous year data related to PPPs within the business sector of Abu Dhabi. This can be achieved from old records of various business organisations. Moreover, primary data is also required to analyse the current situation of business in Abu Dhabi. To collect this primary data, a survey method will be applied. Hence, a proper and relevant questionnaire will be made by the researcher to collect those primary data. There will be different types of quantitative as well as qualitative responses at the time of data collection (Bryman and Bell 2015). Hence, those qualitative responses will be converted into values to estimate the value of the research. After collecting all these data, a proper and suitable statistical method will be applied to understand the role of public and private sector in Abu Dhabi to deal with business. Moreover, this proper research methodology will help the researcher to find out the proper decision related to business. Sampling Techniques: There are huge numbers of business organisations in Abu Dhabi. Hence, it is impossible for a researcher to take all these business organisations to analyse the research. As the population size is large enough, a sample method is required to choose samples. The research will be done based on those samples (Xiao, Zuo and Zhou 2018). There are oil sectors, tourism sectors and transport sectors. These three sectors are very important as these contribute a huge portion in the gross domestic product of Abu Dhabi. Hence, primary data will be collected from each of these three sectors. However, it should be kept in mind that, data will be collected carefully. This is because; sometimes the outcome becomes biased. Hence, it is better to use simple random sampling technique to choose sample. Outcomes: Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) shows positive impact on business sector and all other sectors of an economy as well. It can be seen from various research articles and journals that this partnership actually helps to grow and develop every micro and macroeconomic factors to improve the economic condition of a country. In every sector, this partnership does a better performance. Hence, a positive outcome can be obtained from this research as well. Each and every business deals and decisions related to public-private partnerships will help business sectors of Abu Dhabi. This research outcome will establish the knowledge of macroeconomic conditions of Abu Dhabi. Moreover, the outcome of this research will show the positive economical and political conditions in Abu Dhabi. As the government is trying to diversify the economic condition of Abu Dhabi by making various business organisations, it will also show the positive side of this effort. It will also help the researcher to understand other economic conditions, where public-private partnership policy is implemented. Timescale: Sequential Activities/ Period Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 4 Week 5 6 Structure of proposal Key research questions Literature review Methodology and outcome Conclusion: At the end of this research, the researcher will get actual outcomes of public-private partnership in Abu Dhabi. This will further help this researcher to conduct more researches related to this topic. Moreover, this research will help to understand the impact of public-private partnership policy in an economy. However, it should be kept in mind that, the researcher will analyse both primary and secondary data efficiently to find out the actual outcome. Moreover, a proper methodology will be needed to analyse those data. In this context, it should be kept in mind that there are insufficient research articles related to this partnership between public sector and private sector in Abu Dhabi and in UAE as well. Hence, the outcome will give huge information on this particular research topic. Reference: Almarri, K. and Hijleh, B., 2017. Critical Success Factors for Public Private Partnerships in the UAE Construction Industry-A Comparative Analysis between the UAE and the UK.Journal of Engineering, Project, and Production Management,7(1), p.21. Bryman, A. and Bell, E., 2015.Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Chou, J.S. and Pramudawardhani, D., 2015. Cross-country comparisons of key drivers, critical success factors and risk allocation for public-private partnership projects.International Journal of Project Management,33(5), pp.1136-1150. Delmon, J., 2017.Public-private partnership projects in infrastructure: an essential guide for policy makers. Cambridge University Press. Evans, M.R., 2017.Through a Glass, Darkly: An Analysis of the Monitoring Process used in Public-Private Partnerships in Abu Dhabi Government Schools(Doctoral dissertation, The Open University). Iossa, E. and Martimort, D., 2015. The simple microeconomics of public?private partnerships.Journal of Public Economic Theory,17(1), pp.4-48. Johnston, M.P., 2017. Secondary data analysis: A method of which the time has come.Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Libraries,3(3), pp.619-626. Kiani, A., 2017. Coupling effects of demand-side improvements ensemble on energy performance to monetary implications for UAE economy.Journal of Cleaner Production,167, pp.44-54. Liu, T. and Wilkinson, S., 2014. Large-scale public venue development and the application of PublicPrivate Partnerships (PPPs).International Journal of Project Management,32(1), pp.88-100. Marty, F., 2018. The Evolution of Financing Conditions for PPP Contracts: Still a Private Financing Model?. InThe Economics of Public-Private Partnerships(pp. 79-109). Springer, Cham. Mouraviev, N., Mouraviev, N., Kakabadse, N.K. and Kakabadse, N.K., 2016. Conceptualising public-private partnerships: A critical appraisal of approaches to meanings and forms.Society and Business Review,11(2), pp.155-173. Niblock, T. ed., 2015.Social and economic development in the Arab Gulf (RLE economy of Middle East). Routledge. Osei-Kyei, R. and Chan, A.P., 2015. Review of studies on the Critical Success Factors for PublicPrivate Partnership (PPP) projects from 1990 to 2013.International Journal of Project Management,33(6), pp.1335-1346. Osei-Kyei, R., Osei-Kyei, R., Chan, A.P. and Chan, A.P., 2017. Implementation constraints in public-private partnership: Empirical comparison between developing and developed economies/countries.Journal of Facilities Management,15(1), pp.90-106. Sarmento, J.M. and Renneboog, L., 2016. Anatomy of public-private partnerships: their creation, financing and renegotiations.International Journal of Managing Projects in Business,9(1), pp.94-122. Xiao, N.C., Zuo, M.J. and Zhou, C., 2018. A new adaptive sequential sampling method to construct surrogate models for efficient reliability analysis.Reliability Engineering System Safety,169, pp.330-338.

Allegory of the Cave free essay sample

The allegory of the cave is a story written by Plato a Greek philosopher.   It is more of an extended allegory whereby human beings are portrayed as being imprisoned by their own bodies and the thoughts they perceive from what they see.   In this article, Plato tries to explore what would happen if human beings encountered what he calls the true reality.   That is, what would happen if people clearly understood and embraced the meaning and the impact of philosophy. Plato imagines what would happen if the chained men in the cave are suddenly released from bondage and let free. The Allegory. The Allegory of the Cave presents a metaphor which contrasts what man thinks and believes to what is the reality.   According to this allegory, what we think and perceive is imperfect and is just a shadow or reflection of what is true.   In this story, the fictional representation of the prisoners and the basic philosophical tenets are used to present the metaphor. We will write a custom essay sample on Allegory of the Cave or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page    In this allegory, the cave is lit by the light of a blazing fire which is contrasted with that of the sun outside the cave. Prisoners in the cave are chained in a way that they can not move and all they can see are the shadows of moving puppets which are illuminated by the fire and reflected on the wall in front of them.   The cave prisoners tend to think that the shadows are a reality since they have no knowledge of any other reality (Cohen, 2002).    Plato argues that if one of the prisoners was allowed to see the world outside that cave, he would realize that the shadows are not real but for those inside the cave, any news about any reality apart from the shadows they are used to is likely to be met with rejection and hostility.  Ã‚   The prisoners view the world outside the cave as a source of dangerous wisdom and knowledge which is to be avoided rather than embraced. Interpretation. The caves in this case represent the world of senses in which most people are trapped and imprisoned in their own thoughts.   The journey to the outside world signifies an ascent to embrace philosophy and change in the real world.   This allegory suggests that people all over the world are trapped by their own illusions of what they consider to be the reality and for this reason, their capacity to understand and embrace the reality is flawed.   By making an effort to think beyond what is obvious and superficial, people have the potential of fleeing themselves from what is false or untrue and getting to see the truth or the reality. This allegory basically defines the process of enlightenment represented by four major stages which one has to pass through before being fully enlightened.   The shadows on the wall represent the notions which people have encrafted in their minds which though related to the reality, they are quite different from the what is true. The puppets from which the shadows are cast represent what most people mistake to be real things in the world.   Once one is able to free himself from these notions and the things which are superficial, he or she steps into the real world which is full of real ideas and is able to see the sun which represents the goodness in reality. Once at this stage, a person is now fully aware of the truth and in most cases, the truth is too much to bare that only few people are able to embrace it.   Most people tend to return to their caves and continue living in darkness as they were before.   This marks the end of the enlightenment process. Relevance of Platos allegory to the contemporary organizational life. Platos allegory brings out clearly the importance of an organizational culture and the ideology of similar normative thinking in any institution and this is what makes it very relevant to the contemporary organizational life.   An organizational culture refers to the personality of a given organization.   It comprises of certain values, beliefs, norms and assumptions which posses the power to influence the behavior of the members of that organization. Most organizations are known to uphold a culture which promotes common thinking among its team members.   Plato tries to address the dangers which might result from group think.   When people refuse to engage in critical thinking, they become imprisoned by their own thoughts (Franz,   2007). This allegory is particularly important to the culture of those corporations which tend to concentrate so much on individualism for the benefit of the organization.   Most organizations in the world today have people trapped in a culture which acts as a cave for imprisoning its members thus prevent their growth and prosperity.   Such organizations are afraid to accept any change due to excess insecurities and the fear of transformation. Caves encountered in my career. Many people who are working in organizations are often trapped by illusions which imprison them in dark caves full of false shadows.   One such cave is whereby i worked as a receptionist with very little college education.   The organization i worked for did not offer its employees any chance to further their education for the fear that if they did, they might demand higher pays or be poached by other better paying organizations. In my mind i hard the notion that i could save the little money i earned to buy all the nice things i wanted in life and i was so scared of leaving the organization for fear of the unknown.   This was however just an illusion which was far from the reality.   It had created a cave for me where i couldnt think beyond the few dollars i earned per day.   However, after much effort i managed to free myself from from the cave and i was able to see the reality of not having proper education.   I then decided to quit from that organization and further my education in order to get a better job. Sources of conflicts. When people see different organizational shadows and images which they think are the reality, conflicts arise.   By shadows and images here we mean the thoughts, notions, senses and beliefs perceived in the minds of different people in an organization.   Such conflicts arise when the different organizational values clash with personal values.   Sources of organizational conflicts include changes in the organizational structure, conflicting goals, limited resources and poor communication within the organization (Franz, 2007). In a case where people in an organization have different notions concerning a certain issue, it becomes very hard to reach a consensus without critical group thinking. The conflicts are even harder to resolve when each person involved in the conflict believes that the notion they have (shadow) is right one hence rejecting any efforts to reach an agreement.   Such thinking requires some people to compromise their views for the sake of the organizational life and culture. Mechanisms used in a conflicting situation.   In the event of a conflict in an organization, every one tries to convince himself that his view is the right one.   According to expert psychologists, the human cognitive processes have a way of dealing with thoughts which are contradicting.   This mechanism is known as the cognitive dissonance and it is responsible for dealing with contradiction and giving the perception that what we think is actually the right thing (Festinger and Carlsmith,   2002). Allegory of the Cave free essay sample Plato is considered as one of the greatest thinkers of all time. He was the student of Socrates and mentor of Aristotle. His Allegory of the Cave can be found in Book VII of the book The Republic. Plato uses the story to explain the theory of dualism and the two world theory in knowledge. Allegory is a kind of metaphor to explain and differentiate two things. It has two meanings, the literal meaning in the story and the symbolical meaning. In the story, the people in the cave view the shadows that they can see as the reality or truth. The prisoners represent the people and the cave represents the physical and material world that we sense and live. Another symbol in the allegory is the chain or imprisonment of the people in the cave. It is the belief and sophistry of the people that leads them to the false reality and far away from the truth. We will write a custom essay sample on Allegory of the Cave or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The fire is the source of unintelligible and false truth perceived by the prisoners. Moreover, the puppeteers who use the fire to cast shadows are false philosophers that aims to make the prisoners be blinded forever from the reality. The escaped prisoner symbolizes a person that already perceived the real truth by looking and observing the things outside the cave. He can also be perceived as the philosopher.

Unctuous, A Humpty Dumpty Word

Unctuous, A Humpty Dumpty Word Unctuous, A Humpty Dumpty Word Unctuous, A Humpty Dumpty Word By Maeve Maddox A reader alerted me to a new use of the word unctuous that has escaped me until now: When did â€Å"unctuous† start having a positive connotation?   Watch any cooking show lately and it’s likely you’ll hear someone describe a dish as â€Å"unctuous,† as if that’s a good thing. Many celebrity chefs seem to now use the word to suggest a dish is rich, smooth, or maybe even creamy.† Like the reader, my reaction to hearing the adjective unctuous applied to food is one of disbelief and gagging repugnance. Unctuous derives from a Latin word meaning ointment. The earliest meaning of the word in English is â€Å"of the nature or quality of an unguent or ointment; oily, greasy.† Like so many other words, unctuous is and has been used with multiple meanings. For example, applied to soil, unctuous refers to the presence of organic matter and fertility. OED citations from 1495-1821 show the word used to describe meat that was â€Å"greasy, fat, and rich.† The OED labels this use â€Å"archaic.† For me, the chief meaning of unctuous is â€Å"smarmy and hypocritical.† This figurative meaning developed in the 18th century from the religious use of the noun unction in reference to religious ritual. Anointing with oil is a symbolic act indicating that a person is being prepared for something serious. For example, the Catholic sacrament Extreme Unction is equated with preparing a gravely ill person for death. Anointing is part of ceremonies associated with the crowning of a king and the ordination of a priest. The noun unction can be used literally to mean â€Å"anointing† or figuratively to mean â€Å"a spiritual influence acting upon a person or the manifestation of such a feeling in language.† In a spiritual context, â€Å"an unctuous person† is one who displays a manner suggestive of religious earnestness. Unfortunately, not-so-religious people often see religious earnestness as hypocrisy. Also unfortunately, hypocrisy frequently takes the form of false humility or religiosity. These human realities led to the use of unctuous to describe hypocrites. Literature abounds with such characters. Iago, Tartuffe, Uriah Heep, Mr. Brocklehurst, and Elmer Gantry are characters who talk a good game, pretending to a spiritual superiority and/or humility they do not possess in order to manipulate people. The literal meaning of unctuous only adds to the aptness of this figurative use: such characters are â€Å"oily and slippery,† like ointment. English speakers familiar with unctuous in the sense of greasiness and hypocrisy are understandably repelled to hear the word applied positively to food. Many food writers, however, have embraced the term. A writer at The Kitchn [sic] calls it a â€Å"favorite food word.† The word is especially popular in headlines above pork recipes: Braised pork belly is an unctuous treat Unctuous Carmelized Chinese Braised Pork Belly Aware that many English speakers object to the use of the word as if it meant succulent, food writers dismiss their critics with Humpty-Dumptian disdain: If you’re a food writer, and you’re doing a review or article about pork belly, you have to use the word unctuous or unctuousness whether you understand what it means or not. (Food Wishes blog) Words acquire different connotations according to the experiences of the people who use them. I’ve read that many modern speakers are grossed out by the use of the word moist to describe cake. To my generation, a moist cake is a good thing. It’s possible that food writers who find unctuous a suitable word to describe palatable pork may be repulsed by the word succulent. The Humpty Dumpty Theory of Language: â€Å"When  I  use a word,† Humpty Dumpty said in rather a scornful tone, â€Å"it means just what I choose it to mean- neither more nor less.† â€Å"The question is,† said Alice, â€Å"whether you  can  make words mean so many different things.† â€Å"The question is,† said Humpty Dumpty, â€Å"which is to be master- thats all.†- Through the Looking Glass, Lewis Carroll. Note: The reader whose question prompted this post also wonders about the pronunciation of unctuous: â€Å"Does unctuous have three syllables or only two?   I always thought it had three, but many of the folks on these [cooking] shows pronounce it with only two syllables. The preferred pronunciation is with three syllables: unk-tju-us. Merriam-Webster gives the three-syllable pronunciation first, but also acknowledges a two-syllable pronunciation: unk-tchus. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Opening Lines to Inspire the Start of Your Story50 Types of PropagandaHow to Style Titles of Print and Online Publications

Second year BA Photography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Second year BA Photography - Essay Example Film and photography are the main medium of art in the contemporary scenario. Besides these, there are access to the internet, email and television. In this paper, the writer attempts to give a brief description on the work of art in the age of mechanical reproduction. This is one of the works of Walter Benjamin that deals with technology based art production. A number of people refer to his work these days. His works are gaining popularity now than ever before. He has given explanation for mechanization of art such as film and photography. He lived at the time of the growth of communism and fascism. So he had observed the politicization of art. Then the impact of technology on art is also discussed in this paper. â€Å"The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction†, published in 1936, is the work of Walter Benjamin who was a German and most of his works are very significant in the contemporary world especially in the field of art and his popularity is increasing by day. This work has been considered as the standard reference in the analysis of art today, since it speaks about the mechanization in art like in movies and photography. Benjamin was so intelligent and he was influenced by the culture in which he lived. He was born in 1892 in a middle class family that had a close relation to art since his father was an art dealer in Berlin. He could not earn an academic employment due to some incidents in his life. One among them was that his doctoral study was rejected, as the subject was not comprehendible and the second incident was, criticizing and attacking one of the members in intellectual circle. His writings are supposed to be excellent works in explaining on the mechanica l reproduction of film, photography etc. Undoubtedly, we can say that technology-based production of art spoils our creativity, newness, uniqueness and authenticity. Today, one of the means of art is film production and cartoon movies which are at the fore front.

Argumentative Synthesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Argumentative Synthesis - Essay Example This is because, the unemployment of women does not only affect the individual women who are unemployed, but the future generations, since women bear the big burden in the upbringing of children and when they cannot be able to bring them up well due to poverty and other social constraints, there is no doubt that such children will turn out to be a disaster for the society in the future. Nevertheless, the unemployment for women has continued to be a major impediment to the advancement of equality in the society. The income inequality between the rich and the poor continues to increase, despite the measures that have been put in place to address poverty and unemployment in the society (Krugman, n.p.). Despite the seemingly advancement in narrowing the gap between the rich and the poor in the 1920s in America, the situation has now changed, and the gap between the rich and the poor is now wider than ever. However, at the center of the social inequality, is the concept of women unemploym ent, which leaves women to take care of domestic chores, a scenario faced by a high population of women, summarized well by Diaz in the statement â€Å"She didn’t have a regular job outside of caring for us five kids† (Diaz, n.p.). In this respect, it is conclusive to argue that women unemployment is in the core of social inequality in the society. Gender discrimination is a social evil that has seen all manner of legislations, campaigns and advocacy targeting to empower women so they can be in the same position as men, when it comes to issues of accessing education, employment, political positions and any other social roles that were traditionally the preserve of men. However, all these attempts have not made the situation any better, since even though women can now access education and employment like men do; there is one major issue that acts as an impediment to the total liberation of women; family responsibilities (Woolf, n.p). Additionally, even

Common assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Common assessment - Assignment Example Thus, affirmative action legislation is an initiative to fulfill governmental regulations and effect career aspirations of stereotyped groups of people on grounds that are perceived to be fair by all (Kenneth, David & Allen, 2004: 51). Carol & Catherine (1996) establish that affirmative actions are policies developed by employing legislation, decisions and regulations which are made by tribunals and courts in an effort to fight against discriminations in organizations (30). The legislation prohibits inequalities regardless of whether they are positive or negative in view of societal facts which affect how affirmative action is morally evaluated. Moreover, affirmative actions are only effective under specific situations that are demanded by the law and hence affirmative action change the organization of societal practices which impact either negatively or positively (Timothy & James, 2000: 123). These impacts are listed to include different aspects of life in terms of education, politics, society and business which are considered in reference to the affirmative action (Rojas, 2002). Positive impacts of affirmative action include: (i) enabling the less represented groups of people to progress (ii) it has managed to rebuild what had been destroyed by discriminatory acts like slavery (iii) various facets of life have been diversely populated and (iv) eased societal integration in organizations through equality processes. Negative impacts of affirmative actions include: (a) realization of compromised standard practices to make room for minority groups. This is in situations where the minority group may have a negative performance and which is actually a big problem in organizations (b) peer relations in organizations may lead to stereotyping and which form extra burdens which are not necessary to the organization (c) also, recruitment is not done

Hurler Syndrome Disease

Hurler Syndrome Disease Hurlers Syndrome In a persons body every substance is important and should present the right amount of itself to function properly. In this case a very rare inherited disease of metabolism is when a person cannot break down long chains of sugar molecules called glycosaminoglycans. This disease is known as Hurlers Syndrome which is part of a larger group of diseases more commonly referred to as MPS. Other names for Hurlers Syndrome are alpha-L-iduronate, Mucopolysaccharidoss Type 1, and MPS1H. Other MPS diseases are Hurler Scheie Syndrome, which is a milder feature of Hurler Syndrome, Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome, whose features are very similar to Hurler Syndrome and Sly Syndrome, whose phenotype is similar to that of Hurler Syndrome. Unfortunately, there are many more syndromes within the MPS disease category. Hurlers Syndrome is named after Gertrud Hurler, who was the doctor that described both a boy and a girl with the condition in 1919. Dr. Scheie was a consultant ophthalmologist and in 1962 he wrote about some of his patients who were less severely affected than those previously diagnosed by Dr. Hurler. Those patients who could not be clearly diagnosed as either the severe or milder end of the disease were said to have Hurler Scheie Syndrome. When you have Hurlers Syndrome, your body does not make a substance called lysosomal alpha-L-iduronidase. This means that a person without lysosomal alpha-L-iduronidase cannot break down long chains of sugar molecules which are used in the building of connective tissues in the body. The sugar molecules are usually found in mucus and in fluid around a persons joints. â€Å"There is a continuous process in the body of replacing used materials and breaking them down for disposal.† What does break down long chains of sugar molecules is a substance called alpha-L-iduronidase enzyme. â€Å"This is essential in cutting up the mucopolysaccharides called dermatan and heparin sulphate. The incompletely broken down mucopolysaccharides remain stored in cells in the body causing progressive damage.† A result of not having the alpha-L-iduronidase enzyme is that glycosaminoglycans will build up and damage a persons heart and organs. Symptoms of this disease can be mild or very severe. Hurlers Syndrome is a disease inherited from both parents which means that both parents have to pass the gene to their child in order for the child to have the disease and any child of any race can have it. When a child is born you cannot really tell that they have the disease because they appear healthy at birth. â€Å"Babies may show little sign of the disease, but as more and more cells become damaged, symptoms start to appear.† Most of the symptoms are thick coarse facial features with low nasal bridge, halted growth, progressive mental retardation, cloudy corneas, deafness, joint disease including stiffness, heart valve problems, abnormal bones in the spine, chronic runny nose, hernia, speech problems, hyper activity, depression, pain, and clawed hands. Most people do not notice the facial symptoms until the child is at the age of two. To tell if a person has Hurlers Syndrome, doctors usually do a simple urine test. The test would show extra mucopolysaccharides, but docto rs would not be able to tell what form of MPS that the person has. Thus, Hurlers Syndrome is not diagnosed until many other conditions have been looked into and after which more specific tests have been performed. This is usually done when the child is about six to twenty-four months of age. To treat Hurlers Syndrome, a person would have to have enzyme replacement surgery which helps the body make alpha-L-iduronidase or have a bone marrow transplant to prevent retardation and that only improves some of the symptoms and should be done at a very young age. Scientists state that it is better for a child with the disease to have this surgery at a young age because they will have a better chance of living longer. A person can also have a stem cell transplant surgery and if this surgery is successful many symptoms of the disease are stopped. Seventy-five percent of those whose transplants are from siblings or other close family members have a higher rate of survival than those whose donors are not as closely matched. Many children with a heart disease caused by Hurlers Syndrome cannot have these surgeries due to the fact that their heart is not strong enough to help recover after any surgery. Any other treatments that can treat Hurlers Syndrome depend on the organs which are a ll infected. â€Å"For those children whose diagnosis came too late in the progression of the disease to be eligible for transplant, there is still some hope in a newly approved enzyme replacement therapy.† Young children with Hurlers Syndrome usually end up with nervous system problems and will have the chance of dying at a young age. Experts say that couples with the history of Hurlers Syndrome in their family or any other disease should be tested before they think about having children of their own. Today there is no actual cure for Hurlers Syndrome, but the MPS society is working very hard to find a cure for it. â€Å"About 1 in 160 people are carriers, which result in about a 1 in 25,000 chance of two carriers meeting. Since this disease is so rare the chance of having a partner who is another carrier is very slight provided their partner is not a cousin or other close family member.† Since Hurlers Syndrome is a recessive gene there are only 1 in 4 chances that a child will suffer this disease if their parents are carriers. In this case 1 out of 100,000 children are affected with this rare disease. â€Å"The unaffected children have a 2 in 3 chance of being carriers like their parents, and a 1 in 3 chance of being a normal non-carrier.† The oldest survivor of Hurlers Syndrome is currently in his early twenties and is standing strong, however, most people affected with this disease do not live past the age of twelve.

Reversal of Male/Female Roles in Sister Carrie :: Sister Carrie Essays

Dreiser's Reversal of Male/Female Roles in Sister Carrie    The novel Sister Carrie seems to be the platform from which Dreiser explores his unconventional views of the genders. In the world of Sister Carrie, it would seem that the role of women as trusting, caring creatures, and men as scheming victimizers is reversed; it is Carrie that uses the men around her to get what she wants, and it is those men who are victimized by her. Thus Dreiser uses this novel as a means of questioning the popular notions of gender and the role that it plays in modern society.      Ã‚  Ã‚   In Sister Carrie, it would seem that Carrie, while outwardly benign, and possibly even deserving of her portrayal as sweet and innocent at the beginning, soon emerges as a ruthless predator in the guise of a helpless woman. From her relationship with Drouet, she manages to gain the experience and social skills to pursue higher aspirations. She seems to stay with Drouet only long enough to see that better things are available, comforts more extravagant than Drouet can provide, and cultural experiences and social nuances whose existence Drouet seems unaware of. Drouet, then, acts as a stepping stone for her. When he no longer has anything he can offer her, she drops him in favor of Hurstwood. In Hurstwood, Carrie sees all that lacks in Drouet--a more acute sense of culture and worldliness, and the wealth to explore the new wonders of civilized Chicago life.    Hurstwood serves as yet another step in her ladder to success, and when he sinks into poverty and self-disgrace after his divorce, she sees him as a no longer being an asset, and leaves him in favor of striking out on her own, leaving him to turn into a beggar, while she makes it big. Too, after she makes it big, and Drouet comes to see her, she can no longer see him as a friend worthy of her company, and in fact avoids ever seeing him again. The fact that she owes her success to Drouet and Hurstwood seems inconsequential to her. It would seem also at the end of her road to fame, when she is receiving social invitations from millionaires and famous figures, that she sees herself as being to good for any of them; she sees herself as being too good for the company of any man.

What Is the Need for an External Audit

The need for an external audit in the case of companies arises primarily from the existence of split-up of ownership from control. When control is shared an audit report will be needed in order to ensure that all the partners or be it shareholders are on the same page as the managers (the ones who will be controlling the company) and know what has been happening in the company, what is happening at present and what can be expected to happen in the future in order to increase returns in the company.The case of an owner controlled company is different as usually the manager will be working in the company and will be aware of everything that will be taking place and will not need an audit report to find out what is going on. Since the owner is alone in decision making, he knows about all the decisions that need to be made and will not find out through an audit report that maybe the company has decided to expand and open a new branch using the accumulated or retained profits.The audit in volves the client’s staff and management in giving time to providing information to the auditor. The auditors need part of the staff’s time as they will not know where the proprietary’s accounts are kept and in which way they are filed. To gather all the information that the auditor will use in making his audit report he has to get it through staff. Since most owner controlled companies are very small and the staff members are few, it will make it difficult for the Professional auditors to plan their audit to minimize the disruption which their work will cause.The audit might end up inconveniencing other stakeholders such as customers because service can become slow as one of the staff members will be assisting the auditor, giving him all the documentation that he needs and accompanying him around as he investigates the internal control measures that have been created in the company to see how effective they are. Application to lenders/financial institutions for finance may be strengthened by the submission of audited accounts.However some financial institutions, a bank, for instance, is likely to be far more concerned about the future of the business and available security, than by the past historical accounts, audited or otherwise. Audited accounts cannot predict the performance of the company in the future, which is the information that the Bank will be trying to find out. Therefore; audit reports are not an issue of paramount importance, especially in owner controlled companies.Not all owner controlled companies need to be audited. Auditing of companies does not depend on the type of ownership (that is, sole trader, partnership or co-operative), but it mostly depends on the size of the company at hand. There are laws that have been made in the U. K that exempt certain companies especially the small ones and the owner controlled ones from being audited. Instead of following all audit requirements, the owner controlled companies can subm it shortened accounts.The main differences that can be produced under the banner of abbreviated accounts basically mean that an owner controlled company does not have to include a full balance sheet, profit and loss account or directors report which would normally be required by Companies House. The owner controlled company is still required to submit a shortened balance sheet together with notes that explain the year end balances shown in the balance sheet. Under the audit exemption rules the year end accounts for an n owner controlled company do not have to include an auditors report.When an auditor has prepared the accounts and submits a special audit report that report should state that in the auditor’s opinion the abbreviated accounts are being submitted in accordance with the appropriate section of the Companies Act. To qualify for being able to file shortened accounts a small company should satisfy at least two of three conditions. The three exemption conditions prior to April 2008 were that annual turnover is less than 5. 6 million pounds, balance sheet total is less than 2. 8 million pounds and the average number of employees is less than 50.Where the financial year started after April 2008 the parameters increased to, annual turnover less than 6. 5 million pounds, balance sheet total less than 3. 26 million pounds and average number of employees less than 50. When an owner controlled company satisfies the audit exemption parameters it can maintain that audit exemption for a full financial year afterwards even if the parameters were exceed in that following financial year. There are benefits in submitting abbreviated accounts as simpler and easier accounting records can be maintained reducing time spent on accountancy work.In addition although potential suppliers and financial institutions may require details of the year end financial accounts it is acceptable not to publish full details. In China, Owner controlled companies have an exemption f rom the audit and this gives management for smaller companies some newfound flexibility, Alyssa Martin says. Companies may not have to produce as much documentation or perform as much testing to produce management’s assertion as they might have had to produce for the sake of the audit, she says. They can use other measures, like ongoing monitors or their own personal experience, to assess internal controls when they don’t have to have the external auditor auditing their process or leveraging their process in performing the audit of internal control,† notes Weaver’s Martin. Yong Xu, CFO for Jingwei International, says he was grateful to see the audit requirement lifted, even though the company voluntarily produced the audit for its 2009 financial statements and is planning to have the audit again in 2010. Jingwei International is a China-based technology services provider listed on the stock exchange and is owned controlled.However while the recent legislat ion exempts smaller companies from the audit of internal control, it doesn’t relax any of the requirements for companies to establish and maintain an effective control environment or to report on the effectiveness of controls, says Alyssa Martin, an executive partner with audit firm Weaver. That’s because the Dodd-Frank bill does not exempt smaller companies from Section 404(a), which is the requirement for management to produce its own report on the effectiveness of controls to mitigate errors in financial statements. â€Å"It doesn’t really change the role of management,† says Alyssa Martin. They still have to understand the design of internal control and assess the effectiveness. †Ã¢â‚¬Å"It’s not a cake walk. If you’re not documenting anything or doing anything, you’re not following the SEC’s guidance. †Ã¢â‚¬â€Jim DeLoach, Managing Director, Protiviti. Owner controlled companies should audit their accounts as th is reduces the Risk of Fraud. A number of factors affect the risk or exposure to loss from fraud, and some organizations suffer more fraud than others. The incidence of fraud in books of account is distributed unevenly. Some industries, some companies, some occupations, and some persons are higher risks than others.If accounts are being constantly audited, employees will comply with the regulations and do the correct thing; on the other hand, this can become a motivating factor in the case of employees as they know that changes in the company for better that have been initiated by them will be recognized. Many companies have embraced voluntary environmental audits, commonly known as self-audits, as a valuable business resource. Consultants and experts agree that the practice can be of enormous benefit to enterprises in all types of industries, for it addresses so many facets of a company's operations.For example, Barbara Ceizler Silver, author of Environmental Self-Audit for Small B usinesses, described the self-audit as a valuable â€Å"diagnostic tool† that can be used by companies seeking to identify and address compliance problems relating to air, water, land use, solid waste, and hazardous materials prior to submitting formal permit applications or other business processes. The practice of voluntarily checking compliance with environmental regulations through the practice of self-auditing has garnered considerable support from state lawmakers as well. As of 2000, environmental self-audits receive significant legal protections in 26 states.The body of law in these states maintains that companies can voluntarily test for violations and correct all previously undetected problems without legal penalty. Companies that report violations avoid financial penalties and receive additional time to rectify problems. Most significant of all, the results of self-audit tests and programs in these states receive significant legal protections from public disclosure The advantages of an audit report in owner controlled companies may be there, but the disadvantages far outweigh the advantages and therefore I agree with the statement that owner controlled business should not have audit reports.This is because this will be a large and unnecessary expense to the company and will result in the company spending large amounts on auditing which could have been diverted to expanding the business. There are cheap alternative methods that owner controlled companies can use to manage their companies than auditing their accounts and getting audit reports every year. (1503 words)References Abdel-Khalil A. R. (1983). Why do private companies demand auditing? A case for organizational loss of control. Journal of Accounting, Auditing ;amp; Finance, 8(1), 31-52 Proviti Flash Report on SOX 404(b) July 17 2004.Accounting and Audit Exemptions for Small Companies in the U. K-Terry Cartwright Environmental Self-Audit for Small Businesses: A Quick and Easy Guide to En vironmental Compliance. New York Department of Environmental Conservation, Empire State Development, March 1998. Geltman, Elizabeth Glass. A Complete Guide to Environmental Audits. ABA, 1997. Power, Michael. â€Å"Expertise and the Construction of Relevance: Accountants and Environmental Audits. † Accounting, Organizations, and Society. February 1997. Environmental Self-Audit for Small Businesses- Barbara Ceizler Silver

DESCRIBE AND EVALUATE PSYCHOLO essays

DESCRIBE AND EVALUATE PSYCHOLO essays Kagan et al. (1978) defined attachment as: An intense emotional relationship that is specific to two people, that endures over time, and in which prolonged separation from the partner is accompanied by stress and sorrow. The first attachment we form is widely accepted by psychologists as being crucial for healthy development since it acts as a prototype for all future relationships, and though affectionate relationships may be established with any consistent caregiver, the most intense relationship occurs between child and mother/ or other main caregiver in the early stages of development. Socialisation is therefore essential to forming this type of relationship, bonding. But this is a two-way thing. Both child and mother have to be able to relate to each other, both must have the necessary skills needed. When either lacks the skills then attachment will be weaker or not occur at all. Even a newborn infant will interact with its mother, it will cry, smile, have eye contact and root therefore encouraging response from the mother. The child develops its attachment gradually. From 0-3 months is the pre-attachment phase, showing the infants preference for humans over other objects. Preferential looking and social smiling shows this. The indiscriminate attachment phase occurs from 3-7 months, distinguishing people and allowing strangers to handle it. From 7-9 months we see the discriminate attachment phase, where the infant develops specific attachments to certain people and shows distress on separation from them. Lastly we have the multiple attachment phase from 9 months onwards. Increasing independence allows the formation of other bonds despite the stronger prior attachments. There are four main theories on attachment, psychoanalytical, learning theory, ethological and cognitive. Many psychologists have explored all these theories. Freud, who believed that infants attached to people who satisfied their oral ...

Go to College Without a High School Diploma

Go to College Without a High School Diploma Don’t give up on your dream of enrolling in a college or university just because you didn’t get your high school diploma. Although most colleges require a high school diploma to enroll in any program that grants bachelors degrees, several options are available for students who lack the paper to prove that they graduated high school. 1. Community College Most community colleges assume that a certain percentage of their student body is applying without a high school diploma, and they plan accordingly. They often have programs specifically designed to help people without diplomas who show the potential to succeed. Since more and more community colleges are creating online programs, many new options have also opened up for distance learners. Check with your local schools to see what programs they offer, or search online to find a program that matches your needs. 2. GED Programs Some colleges allow students to enroll with a GED. Designed to be a high school equivalency test, the GED proves that passing students have an education comparable to the current graduating class of seniors. You can find free GED preparation courses online. 3. Nontraditional Student Status Students who have been out of high school for a long time may qualify for nontraditional student status, which generally means that the student is older than the average enrollee. Almost all online and traditional colleges have an organization dedicated to helping such students find success. You may be able to bypass traditional requirements, such as the high school diploma, by proving relevant life experience and demonstrated maturity. 4. Concurrent Enrollment If you still want to get your high school diploma, you may be able to take online college classes at the same time you’re working on your high school credits. Many colleges have special programs that negotiate concurrent enrollment, which allows a student to attend two schools at the same time. The good news? Many high schools allow students to earn double high school credit by completing college courses, which means you may be able to kill two birds with one stone- double the credits, double the diplomas! The Bottom Line Students have many motivations for attending college; one of the primary reasons is financial. As of May 2017, holders of bachelors degrees earn 31 percent more than workers with an associate degree and 74 percent more than holders of just a high school diploma. When it comes to lifetime earnings, the difference is about $2.3 million over a lifetime between bachelors degree holders and high school diplomates, and thats a good reason indeed to stay in school.

Home Birth (personal writing) Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Home Birth (personal writing) - Coursework Example While on the other hand many argue that home births are dangerous for both women and the child and they should be avoided. It is seen that the rate of home births is quite less in comparison to the hospital births but this can only be associated with the recommendations of the health professionals regarding the homebirths. I have chosen this topic as I have witnessed this situation in the case of my own mother. My mother wanted to have a home birth with all six of her pregnancies but due to varying circumstances she was unable to do so. My mother had to undergo her delivery in UK for her third baby and she wanted to have a home birth but she could not go ahead with it because of certain problems. My mother knew so much about birth at home as she previously had undergone homebirth in our native city which is because she developed a fear for the hospitals. When I went with my mother for the first anti-natal check up at my local hospital I told the doctor that my mother would prefer to have birth at home but was told that it is my mother’s first pregnancy in UK so it would not be possible. I asked why not? I was told that because it was my mother’s first pregnancy in UK and they have no idea how would she be able to cope with this pregnancy at home so they recommended a hospital birth to my mother. I realised for the first time that home births were not recommended in the UK. My mother had no choice but to go along with the decision because of which she was very disappointed. The choice of homebirth for my mother was best suited because she had a normal pre natal examination. The proponents of home birth put forward that the women who do not have complications in their natal examination should not be recommended a hospital birth but should rather be recommended a home birth. They put forward evidence which clearly shows that home birth is a satisfying and safe practice for the women who experience uncomplicated births (Wiegers et al 1996; Ogden et al 1997). It is still seen that the home births in UK are only about 2% whereas if women were allowed to opt for a choice the rate would be much higher. Homebirths are a safer practice for women who do not have complicated births and these can prove to have a strong psychological effect on the women. Research has also shown that women who undergo home births undergo less stress than the ones who undergo hospital births. This stress may also be one of the causative factors because of which the women undergoing hospital births feel more pain while the delivery. Research shows that women undergoing home births have less pain and receive a lower number of pharmacologic interventions. These women also feel greater satisfaction while giving birth at home because they don’t undergo much stress (Davies 1997). These women are also free to do things when they undergo home birth where as in a hospital they are not allowed to do certain things after their delivery. Moreover studies have al so shown that women prefer home births rather than hospital births because of the control and autonomy that they have at their home rather than the influence of the physicians in the hospitals (Viisainen 2002; Andrews 2004). Home birth gives women a psychological advantage that their child would be normal. Many women believe that hospitals are associated with a disease while pregnancy is

Creation and distribution of goods and services Essay

Creation and distribution of goods and services - Essay Example Richard Strong put forward the argument that the proposals would allow the corporation to develop two focused and separate market and product strategies for the market segments. The initial response was guarded, with its advantage being that it would allow the corporation to clarify positioning of its products while aiding Aldus to establish a unique and strong company identity in both market segments. However, the corporation had based its success via the offering of a single product line bridging creative professionals and business. This paper aims to evaluate this proposal. Strong’s proposal to alter the positioning strategy for Aldus As PageMaker’s sophistication grew to meet the high-end user’s evolving needs, the product became more unattractive to the business segment that was not as sophisticated. The primary distribution channels lacked sophistication to lend support to these high-end users, leading Strong to believe that the corporation faced the danger of being unable to serve these two markets. The situation was made worse in the European market by Apple Macintosh’s weak position, which made Aldus depend more PageMaker’s MS-DOS version. ... Trying to meet these segment’s divergent needs with one product line placed a high demand on software development staff. The product’s complexity would complicate the upgrade task and delay upgrade schedules. Conflict in the corporation arose because the software development staff was oriented to the graphic’s market, while others were oriented to business segments. Both groups could only respond to the needs of their market via a single product. Splitting Aldus into two divisions would allow them to focus on these different market segments. These organizational and product line decisions were made due to what industry executives viewed as polarization of software distribution. Telemarketers, mail order firms and superstores increasingly served the market, with the high-end served by boutiques that had the ability to provide after sales support, consulting, and needs assessment. Hardware sellers were becoming less viable as software dealers. Differences between C onsumer and Organizational Markets The first difference between consumer markets and organizational markets has to do with the nature of purchases (Pride et al, 2012). Organizational consumers buy capital equipment, semi-finished goods and raw materials for utilization in further operations or for reselling to others while final consumers normally acquire finished items for household, family or personal use. Organizational consumers are also more likely to demand exact specifications of products. Final consumers usually buy on a stylistic and descriptive basis. Additionally, organizational consumers usually use multiple buying responsibilities where more than one employee participates in expensive or complex purchase decisions. Consumer markets

Heart Sutra Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Heart Sutra - Term Paper Example Thus, all things are empty. It states that nothing is born and nothing dies; nothing is pure or stained, and nothing either increases or decreases. Hence, none of the five aspects actually exists in emptiness. This is essentially the same as the current teaching of science that nothing is created or destroyed; rather, it merely changes form, which is a result of the theory of conservation of energy. Consequently, there is also neither of the five senses nor imagining, nor are any of these processes experienced. The point of stating this reality is to highlight their delusory nature, and pointing to the way of the Bodhisattva, which is to have no fear and rely only on the perfection of wisdom, as it will lead to nirvana (spiritual enlightenment). The perfection of wisdom is identified in the sutra as the greatest, clearest and highest mantra, which is also capable of removing all suffering. Besides mentioning the five skandhas with respect to their emptiness, the Heart Sutra also ment ions the twelve ayatanas (abodes), the eighteen dhatus (elements of consciousness), the twelve nidanas (origins) and the four noble truths.

Perfect competition and demand curve Essay Example for Free

Perfect competition and demand curve Essay COMPARE(SIMILAR) similarity. The cost functions are the same. [16] Both monopolies and perfectly competitive companies minimize cost and maximize profit. The shutdown decisions are the same. Both are assumed to have perfectly competitive factors markets. compare monopoly and perfect competition is the four characteristics of perfect competition: (1) large number of relatively small firms, (2) identical product, (3) freedom of entry and exit, and (4) perfect knowledge. * Number of Firms: Perfect competition is an industry comprised of a large number of small firms, each of which is a price taker with no market control. Monopoly is an industry comprised of a single firm, which is a price maker with total market control. Phil the zucchini grower is one of gadzillions of zucchini growers. Feet-First Pharmaceutical is the only firm that sells Amblathan-Plus, a drug that cures the deadly (but hypothetical) foot ailment known as amblathanitis. * Available Substitutes: Every firm in a perfectly competitive industry produces exactly the same product as every other firm. An infinite number of perfect substitutes are available. A monopoly firm produces a unique product that has no close substitutes and is unlike any other product. Gadzillions of firms grow zucchinis, each of which is a perfect substitute for the zucchinis grown by Phil the zucchini grower. There are no substitutes for Amblathan-Plus. Feet-First Pharmaceutical is the only supplier. * Resource Mobility: Perfectly competitive firms have complete freedom to enter the industry or exit the industry. There are no barriers. A monopoly firm often achieves monopoly status because the entry of potential competitors is prevented. Anyone can grow zucchinis. All they need is a plot of land and a few seeds. Feet-First Pharmaceutical holds the patents on Amblathan-Plus. No other firm can enter the market. * Information: Each firm in a perfectly competitive industry possesses the same information about prices and production techniques as every other firm. A monopoly firm, in contrast, often has information unknown to others. Everyone knows how to grow zucchinis (or can easily find out how). Feet-First Pharmaceutical has a secret formula used in the production of Amblathan-Plus. This information is not available to anyone else. The consequence of these differences include: * First, the demand curve for a perfectly competitive firm is perfectly elastic and the demand curve for a monopoly firm is THE market demand, which is negatively-sloped according to the law of demand. A perfectly competitive firm is thus a price taker and a monopoly is a price maker. Phil must sell his zucchinis at the going market price. It he does not like the price, then he does not sell zucchinis. Feet-First Pharmaceutical can adjust the price of Amblathan-Plus, either higher or lower, and so doing it can control the quantity sold. * Second, the monopoly firm charges a higher price and produces less output than would be achieved with a perfectly competitive market. In particular, the monopoly price is not equal to marginal cost, which means a monopoly does not efficiently allocate resources. Although Feet-First Pharmaceutical charges several dollars per ounce of Amblathan-Plus, the cost of producing each ounce is substantially less. Phil, in contrast, just about breaks even on each zucchini sold. * Third, while an economic profit is NOT guaranteed for any firm, a monopoly is more likely to receive economic profit than a perfectly competitive firm. In fact, a perfectly competitive firm IS guaranteed to earn nothing but a normal profit in the long run. The same cannot be said for monopoly. The price of zucchinis is so close to the cost of production, Phil never earns much profit. If the price is relatively high, other zucchini producers quickly flood the market, eliminating any profit. In contrast, Feet-First Pharmaceutical has been able to maintain a price above production cost for several years, with a handsome profit perpetually paid to the company shareholders year after year. * Fourth, the positively-sloped marginal cost curve for each perfectly competitive firm is its supply curve. This ensures that the supply curve for a perfectly competitive market is also positively sloped. The marginal cost curve for a monopoly is NOT, repeat NOT, the firms supply curve. There is NO positively-sloped supply curve for a market controlled by a monopoly. A monopoly might produce a larger quantity if the price is higher, in accordance with the law of supply, or it might not. If the price of zucchinis rises, then Phil can afford to grow more. If the price falls, then he is forced to grow less. Marginal cost dictates what Phil can produce and supply. Feet-First Pharmaceutical, in comparison, often sells a larger quantity of Amblathan-Plus as the price falls, because they face decreasing average cost with larger scale production. * The single seller, of course, is a direct contrast to perfect competition, which has a large number of sellers. In fact, perfect competition could be renamed multipoly or manypoly, to contrast it with monopoly. The most important aspect of being a single seller is that the monopoly seller IS the market. The market demand for a good IS the demand for the output produced by the monopoly. This makes monopoly a price maker, rather than a price taker. * A hypothetical example that can be used to illustrate the features of a monopoly is Feet-First Pharmaceutical. This firm owns the patent to Amblathan-Plus, the only cure for the deadly (but hypothetical) foot ailment known as amblathanitis. As the only producer of Amblathan-Plus, Feet-First Pharmaceutical is a monopoly with extensive market control. The market demand for Amblathan-Plus is THE demand for Amblathan-Plus sold by Feet-First Pharmaceutical. * Unique Product * To be the only seller of a product, however, a monopoly must have a unique product. Phil the zucchini grower is the only producer of Phils zucchinis. The problem for Phil, however, is that gadzillions of other firms sell zucchinis that are indistinguishable from those sold by Phil. * Amblathan-Plus, in contrast, is a unique product. There are no close substitutes. Feet-First Pharmaceutical holds the exclusive patent on Amblathan-Plus. No other firm has the legal authority to produced Amblathan-Plus. And even if they had the legal authority, the secret formula for producing Amblathan-Plus is sealed away in an airtight vault deep inside the fortified Feet-First Pharmaceutical headquarters. * Of course, other medications exist that might alleviate some of the symptoms of amblathanitis. One ointment temporarily reduces the swelling. Another powder relieves the redness. But nothing else exists to cure amblathanitis completely. A few highly imperfect substitutes exists. But there are no close substitutes for Amblathan-Plus. Feet-First Pharmaceutical has a monopoly because it is the ONLY seller of a UNIQUE product. * Barriers to Entry and Exit * A monopoly is generally assured of being the ONLY firm in a market because of assorted barriers to entry. Some of the key barriers to entry are: (1) government license or franchise, (2) resource ownership, (3) patents and copyrights, (4) high start-up cost, and (5) decreasing average total cost. * Feet-First Pharmaceutical has a few these barriers working in its favor. It has, for example, an exclusive patent on Amblathan-Plus. The government has decreed that Feet-First Pharmaceutical, and only Feet-First Pharmaceutical, has the legal authority to produce and sell Amblathan-Plus. * Moreover, the secret ingredient used to produce Amblathan-Plus is obtained from a rare, genetically enhanced, eucalyptus tree grown only on a Brazilian plantation owned by Feet-First Pharmaceutical. Even if another firm knew how to produce Amblathan and had the legal authority to do so, they would lack access to this essential ingredient. * A monopoly might also face barriers to exiting a market. If government deems that the product provided by the monopoly is essential for well-being of the public, then the monopoly might be prevented from leaving the market. Feet-First Pharmaceutical, for example, cannot simply cease the production of Amblathan-Plus. It is essential to the health and welfare of the public. * This barrier to exit is most often applied to public utilities, such as electricity companies, natural gas distribution companies, local telephone companies, and garbage collection companies. These are often deemed essential services that cannot be discontinued without permission from a government regulation authority. * Specialized Information * Monopoly is commonly characterized by control of information or production technology not available to others. This specialized information often comes in the form of legally-established patents, copyrights, or trademarks. While these create legal barriers to entry they also indicate that information is not perfectly shared by all. The ATT telephone monopoly of the late 1800s and early 1900s was largely due to the telephone patent. Pharmaceutical companies, like the hypothetical Feet-First Pharmaceutical, regularly monopolize the market for a specific drug by virtue of a patent. * In addition, a monopoly firm might know something or have a piece of information that is not available to others. This something may or may not be patented or copyrighted. It could be a secret recipe or formula. Perhaps it is a unique method of production. * One example of specialized information is the special, secret formula for producing Amblathan-Plus that is sealed away in an airtight vault deep inside the fortified Feet-First Pharmaceutical headquarters. No one else has this information. CONTRAST Arguably, perfect competition has the advantage of promoting consumer sovereignty, in the sense that the goods and services produced are those that consumers have voted for when spending the pounds in their pockets. When consumer sovereignty exists, the ‘consumer is king’. (However, the extent to which consumer choice exists in a perfectly competitive world would be extremely limited. All the firms in a particular market would sell identical goods at an identical price, namely the ruling market price. ) Firms and industries that produce goods other than those for which consumers are prepared to pay, do not survive in perfect competition. By contrast, a monopoly may enjoy producer sovereignty. The goods and services available for consumers to buy are determined by the monopolist rather than by consumer preferences expressed in the market place. Even if producer sovereignty is not exercised on a ‘take-it-or-leave-it basis’ by a monopoly, the monopolist may still possess sufficient market power to manipulate consumer wants through such marketing devices as persuasive advertising. In these situations, the ‘producer is king In contrast to perfect competition — and once again assuming an absence of economies of scale — monopoly equilibrium is both productively and allocatively inefficient. Figure 6. 6 shows that at the profit-maximising level of output Q1, the monopolist’s average costs are above the minimum level and that P MC. Thus, compared to perfect competition, a monopoly produces too low an output which it sells at too high a price. The absence of competitive pressures, which in perfect competition serve to eliminate supernormal profit, mean that a monopoly is also likely to be X-inefficient, incurring average costs at a point such as X which is above the average cost curve. A monopoly may be able to survive, perfectly happily and enjoying an ‘easy life’, incurring unnecessary production costs and making satisfactory rather than maximum profits. This is because barriers to entry protect monopolies. As a result, the absence or weakness of competitive forces means there is no mechanism in monopoly to eliminate organisational slack. 62 Marginal revenue and price In a perfectly competitive market price equals marginal revenue. In a monopolistic market marginal revenue is less than price. [17] * Product differentiation: There is zero product differentiation in a perfectly competitive market. Every product is perfectly homogeneous and a perfect substitute for any other. With a monopoly, there is great to absolute product differentiation in the sense that there is no available substitute for a monopolized good. The monopolist is the sole supplier of the good in question. [18] A customer either buys from the monopolizing entity on its terms or does without. * Number of competitors: PC markets are populated by an infinite number of buyers and sellers. Monopoly involves a single seller. [18] * Barriers to Entry Barriers to entry are factors and circumstances that prevent entry into market by would-be competitors and limit new companies from operating and expanding within the market. PC markets have free entry and exit. There are no barriers to entry, exit or competition. Monopolies have relatively high barriers to entry. The barriers must be strong enough to prevent or discourage any potential competitor from entering the market. * Elasticity of Demand The price elasticity of demand is the percentage change of demand caused by a one percent change of relative price. A successful monopoly would have a relatively inelastic demand curve. A low coefficient of elasticity is indicative of effective barriers to entry. A PC company has a perfectly elastic demand curve. The coefficient of elasticity for a perfectly competitive demand curve is infinite. * Excess Profits- Excess or positive profits are profit more than the normal expected return on investment. A PC company can make excess profits in the short term but excess profits attract competitors which can enter the market freely and decrease prices, eventually reducing excess profits to zero. [19] A monopoly can preserve excess profits because barriers to entry prevent competitors from entering the market. [20] * Profit Maximization A PC company maximizes profits by producing such that price equals marginal costs. A monopoly maximises profits by producing where marginal revenue equals marginal costs. [21] The rules are not equivalent. The demand curve for a PC company is perfectly elastic flat. The demand curve is identical to the average revenue curve and the price line. Since the average revenue curve is constant the marginal revenue curve is also constant and equals the demand curve, Average revenue is the same as price (AR = TR/Q = P x Q/Q = P). Thus the price line is also identical to the demand curve. In sum, D = AR = MR = P. * P-Max quantity, price and profit If a monopolist obtains control of a formerly perfectly competitive industry, the monopolist would increase prices, reduce production, and realise positive economic profits. [22] * Supply Curve in a perfectly competitive market there is a well defined supply function with a one to one relationship between price and quantity supplied. [23] In a monopolistic market no such supply relationship exists. A monopolist cannot trace a short term supply curve because for a given price there is not a unique quantity supplied. As Pindyck and Rubenfeld note a change in demand can lead to changes in prices with no change in output, changes in output with no change in price or both. [24] Monopolies produce where marginal revenue equals marginal costs. For a specific demand curve the supply curve would be the price/quantity combination at the point where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. If the demand curve shifted the marginal revenue curve would shift as well and a new equilibrium and supply point would be established. The locus of these points would not be a supply curve in any conventional sense. [25][26] The most significant distinction between a PC company and a monopoly is that the monopoly has a downward-sloping demand curve rather than the perceived perfectly elastic curve of the PC company. [27] Practically all the variations above mentioned relate to this fact. If there is a downward-sloping demand curve then by necessity there is a distinct marginal revenue curve. The implications of this fact are best made manifest with a linear demand curve. Assume that the inverse demand curve is of the form x = a by. Then the total revenue curve is TR = ay by2 and the marginal revenue curve is thus MR = a 2by. From this several things are evident. First the marginal revenue curve has the same y intercept as the inverse demand curve. Second the slope of the marginal revenue curve is twice that of the inverse demand curve. Third the x intercept of the marginal revenue curve is half that of the inverse demand curve. What is not quite so evident is that the marginal revenue curve is below the inverse demand curve at all points. [27] Since all companies maximise profits by equating MR and MC it must be the case that at the profit maximizing quantity MR and MC are less than price which further implies that a monopoly produces less quantity at a higher price than if the market were perfectly competitive. The fact that a monopoly has a downward-sloping demand curve means that the relationship between total revenue and output for a monopoly is much different than that of competitive companies. [28] Total revenue equals price times quantity. A competitive company has a perfectly elastic demand curve meaning that total revenue is proportional to output. [29] Thus the total revenue curve for a competitive company is a ray with a slope equal to the market price. [29] A competitive company can sell all the output it desires at the market price. For a monopoly to increase sales it must reduce price. Thus the total revenue curve for a monopoly is a parabola that begins at the origin and reaches a maximum value then continuously decreases until total revenue is again zero. [30] Total revenue has its maximum value when the slope of the total revenue function is zero. The slope of the total revenue function is marginal revenue. So the revenue maximizing quantity and price occur when MR = 0. For example assume that the monopoly’s demand function is P = 50 2Q. The total revenue function would be TR = 50Q 2Q2 and marginal revenue would be 50 4Q. Setting marginal revenue equal to zero we have 1. 50 4Q = 0 2. -4Q = -50 3. Q = 12. 5 So the revenue maximizing quantity for the monopoly is 12. 5 units and the revenue maximizing price is 25. A company with a monopoly does not experience price pressure from competitors, although it may experience pricing pressure from potential competition. If a company increases prices too much, then others may enter the market if they are able to provide the same good, or a substitute, at a lesser price. [31] The idea that monopolies in markets with easy entry need not be regulated against is known as the revolution in monopoly theory. [32] A monopolist can extract only one premium,[clarification needed] and getting into complementary markets does not pay. That is, the total profits a monopolist could earn if it sought to leverage its monopoly in one market by monopolizing a complementary market are equal to the extra profits it could earn anyway by charging more for the monopoly product itself. However, the one monopoly profit theorem is not true if customers in the monopoly good are stranded or poorly informed, or if the tied good has high fixed costs. A pure monopoly has the same economic rationality of perfectly competitive companies, i.e. to optimise a profit function given some constraints. By the assumptions of increasing marginal costs, exogenous inputs prices, and control concentrated on a single agent or entrepreneur, the optimal decision is to equate the marginal cost and marginal revenue of production. Nonetheless, a pure monopoly can -unlike a competitive company- alter the market price for its own convenience: a decrease of production results in a higher price. In the economics jargon, it is said that pure monopolies have a downward-sloping demand. An important consequence of such behaviour is worth noticing: typically a monopoly selects a higher price and lesser quantity of output than a price-taking company; again, less is available at a higher price. [33] Sources of monopoly power Monopolies derive their market power from barriers to entry – circumstances that prevent or greatly impede a potential competitors ability to compete in a market. There are three major types of barriers to entry; economic, legal and deliberate. [6] * Economic barriers: Economic barriers include economies of scale, capital requirements, cost advantages and technological superiority. [7] Economies of scale: Monopolies are characterised by decreasing costs for a relatively large range of production. [8] Decreasing costs coupled with large initial costs give monopolies an advantage over would-be competitors. Monopolies are often in a position to reduce prices below a new entrants operating costs and thereby prevent them from continuing to compete. [8] Furthermore, the size of the industry relative to the minimum efficient scale may limit the number of companies that can effectively compete within the industry. If for example the industry is large enough to support one company of minimum efficient scale then other companies entering the industry will operate at a size that is less than MES, meaning that these companies cannot produce at an average cost that is competitive with the dominant company. Finally, if long-term average cost is constantly decreasing, the least cost method to provide a good or service is by a single company. [9] Capital requirements: Production processes that require large investments of capital, or large research and development costs or substantial sunk costs limit the number of companies in an industry. [10] Large fixed costs also make it difficult for a small company to enter an industry and expand. [11] Technological superiority: A monopoly may be better able to acquire, integrate and use the best possible technology in producing its goods while entrants do not have the size or finances to use the best available technology. [8] One large company can sometimes produce goods cheaper than several small companies. [12] No substitute goods: A monopoly sells a good for which there is no close substitute. The absence of substitutes makes the demand for the good relatively inelastic enabling monopolies to extract positive profits. Control of natural resources: A prime source of monopoly power is the control of resources that are critical to the production of a final good. Network externalities: The use of a product by a person can affect the value of that product to other people. This is the network effect. There is a direct relationship between the proportion of people using a product and the demand for that product. In other words the more people who are using a product the greater the probability of any individual starting to use the product. This effect accounts for fads and fashion trends. [13] It also can play a crucial role in the development or acquisition of market power. The most famous current example is the market dominance of the Microsoft operating system in personal computers. * Legal barriers: Legal rights can provide opportunity to monopolise the market of a good. Intellectual property rights, including patents and copyrights, give a monopolist exclusive control of the production and selling of certain goods. Property rights may give a company exclusive control of the materials necessary to produce a good. * Deliberate actions: A company wanting to monopolise a market may engage in various types of deliberate action to exclude competitors or eliminate competition. Such actions include collusion, lobbying governmental authorities, and force (see anti-competitive practices). In addition to barriers to entry and competition, barriers to exit may be a source of market power. Barriers to exit are market conditions that make it difficult or expensive for a company to end its involvement with a market. Great liquidation costs are a primary barrier for exiting. [14] Market exit and shutdown are separate events. The decision whether to shut down or operate is not affected by exit barriers. A company will shut down if price falls below minimum average variable costs. Monopoly versus competitive markets While monopoly and perfect competition mark the extremes of market structures[15] there is some similarity. The cost functions are the same. [16] Both monopolies and perfectly competitive companies minimize cost and maximize profit. The shutdown decisions are the same. Both are assumed to have perfectly competitive factors markets. There are distinctions, some of the more important of which are as follows: * Marginal revenue and price In a perfectly competitive market price equals marginal revenue. In a monopolistic market marginal revenue is less than price. [17] * Product differentiation: There is zero product differentiation in a perfectly competitive market. Every product is perfectly homogeneous and a perfect substitute for any other. With a monopoly, there is great to absolute product differentiation in the sense that there is no available substitute for a monopolized good. The monopolist is the sole supplier of the good in question. [18] A customer either buys from the monopolizing entity on its terms or does without. * Number of competitors: PC markets are populated by an infinite number of buyers and sellers. Monopoly involves a single seller. [18] * Barriers to Entry Barriers to entry are factors and circumstances that prevent entry into market by would-be competitors and limit new companies from operating and expanding within the market. PC markets have free entry and exit. There are no barriers to entry, exit or competition. Monopolies have relatively high barriers to entry. The barriers must be strong enough to prevent or discourage any potential competitor from entering the market. * Elasticity of Demand The price elasticity of demand is the percentage change of demand caused by a one percent change of relative price. A successful monopoly would have a relatively inelastic demand curve. A low coefficient of elasticity is indicative of effective barriers to entry. A PC company has a perfectly elastic demand curve. The coefficient of elasticity for a perfectly competitive demand curve is infinite. * Excess Profits- Excess or positive profits are profit more than the normal expected return on investment. A PC company can make excess profits in the short term but excess profits attract competitors which can enter the market freely and decrease prices, eventually reducing excess profits to zero. [19] A monopoly can preserve excess profits because barriers to entry prevent competitors from entering the market. [20] * Profit Maximization A PC company maximizes profits by producing such that price equals marginal costs. A monopoly maximises profits by producing where marginal revenue equals marginal costs. [21] The rules are not equivalent. The demand curve for a PC company is perfectly elastic flat. The demand curve is identical to the average revenue curve and the price line. Since the average revenue curve is constant the marginal revenue curve is also constant and equals the demand curve, Average revenue is the same as price (AR = TR/Q = P x Q/Q = P). Thus the price line is also identical to the demand curve. In sum, D = AR = MR = P. * P-Max quantity, price and profit If a monopolist obtains control of a formerly perfectly competitive industry, the monopolist would increase prices, reduce production, and realise positive economic profits. [22] * Supply Curve in a perfectly competitive market there is a well defined supply function with a one to one relationship between price and quantity supplied. [23] In a monopolistic market no such supply relationship exists. A monopolist cannot trace a short term supply curve because for a given price there is not a unique quantity supplied. As Pindyck and Rubenfeld note a change in demand can lead to changes in prices with no change in output, changes in output with no change in price or both. [24] Monopolies produce where marginal revenue equals marginal costs. For a specific demand curve the supply curve would be the price/quantity combination at the point where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. If the demand curve shifted the marginal revenue curve would shift as well and a new equilibrium and supply point would be established. The locus of these points would not be a supply curve in any conventional sense. [25][26] The most significant distinction between a PC company and a monopoly is that the monopoly has a downward-sloping demand curve rather than the perceived perfectly elastic curve of the PC company. [27] Practically all the variations above mentioned relate to this fact. If there is a downward-sloping demand curve then by necessity there is a distinct marginal revenue curve. The implications of this fact are best made manifest with a linear demand curve. Assume that the inverse demand curve is of the form x = a by. Then the total revenue curve is TR = ay by2 and the marginal revenue curve is thus MR = a 2by. From this several things are evident. First the marginal revenue curve has the same y intercept as the inverse demand curve. Second the slope of the marginal revenue curve is twice that of the inverse demand curve. Third the x intercept of the marginal revenue curve is half that of the inverse demand curve. What is not quite so evident is that the marginal revenue curve is below the inverse demand curve at all points. [27] Since all companies maximise profits by equating MR and MC it must be the case that at the profit maximizing quantity MR and MC are less than price which further implies that a monopoly produces less quantity at a higher price than if the market were perfectly competitive. The fact that a monopoly has a downward-sloping demand curve means that the relationship between total revenue and output for a monopoly is much different than that of competitive companies. [28] Total revenue equals price times quantity. A competitive company has a perfectly elastic demand curve meaning that total revenue is proportional to output. [29] Thus the total revenue curve for a competitive company is a ray with a slope equal to the market price. [29] A competitive company can sell all the output it desires at the market price. For a monopoly to increase sales it must reduce price. Thus the total revenue curve for a monopoly is a parabola that begins at the origin and reaches a maximum value then continuously decreases until total revenue is again zero. [30] Total revenue has its maximum value when the slope of the total revenue function is zero. The slope of the total revenue function is marginal revenue. So the revenue maximizing quantity and price occur when MR = 0. For example assume that the monopoly’s demand function is P = 50 2Q. The total revenue function would be TR = 50Q 2Q2 and marginal revenue would be 50 4Q. Setting marginal revenue equal to zero we have 1. 50 4Q = 0 2. -4Q = -50 3. Q = 12. 5 So the revenue maximizing quantity for the monopoly is 12. 5 units and the revenue maximizing price is 25. A company with a monopoly does not experience price pressure from competitors, although it may experience pricing pressure from potential competition. If a company increases prices too much, then others may enter the market if they are able to provide the same good, or a substitute, at a lesser price. [31] The idea that monopolies in markets with easy entry need not be regulated against is known as the revolution in monopoly theory. [32] A monopolist can extract only one premium,[clarification needed] and getting into complementary markets does not pay. That is, the total profits a monopolist could earn if it sought to leverage its monopoly in one market by monopolizing a complementary market are equal to the extra profits it could earn anyway by charging more for the monopoly product itself. However, the one monopoly profit theorem is not true if customers in the monopoly good are stranded or poorly informed, or if the tied good has high fixed costs. A pure monopoly has the same economic rationality of perfectly competitive companies, i. e. to optimise a profit function given some constraints. By the assumptions of increasing marginal costs, exogenous inputs prices, and control concentrated on a single agent or entrepreneur, the optimal decision is to equate the marginal cost and marginal revenue of production.